A new hard drive... and now what?

Recently I followed some instructions on line and I upgraded my MacBook Pro hard drive. I had an old 120 GB that can fill up only by the Apps. So in order to upgrade I needed to open the MacBook Pro, replace the hard drive close it up (without any screws left behind), format and install. I run however in so many problems which most of them were unique. Before we continue, please read the section I had in the previous on Disk Formatting.

Attempt 1: Open the hard drive, rebooting and installing the MacOS 10.5.6. Well there we go to the first problem. The DVD that I had was not working. And now what? Open again put back the old hard drive until we have a working DVD drive.

Attempt 2: My next door neighbor had a spare DVD drive from a MacBook that he spilled coke on. The DVD (hopefully works). So second attempt opening the Macbook and the MacBook Pro and this time transplanting the DVD from one computer to the other. Plus installing the Hard Drive. This time the drive was working and the operation was success. Now I just needed to install the OS. The first thing that I was asked was to format the Hard Drive to host the MacOSX. I selected the MacOS Journaled (case sensitive).

And that brings us to the next and final attempt... Yes I needed one more attempt. Why? Well first of all I just needed to install the the OS. The reason? Apple is fully supporting the case sensitive format, but not all other companies. So after the time that it took to install the OS and recover the data from the old hard drive, I had to do that all over again.

So the moral of the day. Do not use the case sensitive. Even time machine drive is not working with that format. You will need a new time machine, that is also case sensitive format.

Terminal Commands: Mods under the hood!

Linux/Unix before they get the nice GUI with the windows, the cursor and al the Jazz, it was all command line. A command line that was and is, super powerful. It is still under the MacOS X, but kinda hidden all the way in the Utilities Folder in the Applications folder. The terminal can be used to do different "undoable tasks" like opening and viewing Hidden folder. The most basic command in this is "cd" derived from the acronym change directory. So once you open your terminal you will be greeted by a line such:

[computer name]:~[user name]$

That is the prompt and that 's where you input your commands. If you type now "ls" derived from the word list, you will get a list of the objects in that directory. But if you type "ls -a" you will get all the files (a stands for all) and that will show you even the hidden files usually starting with ".". The command "pwd" will give you the Present Working Directory.

But those simple navigation tools are not what I love about terminal. I like the ability to do changes to Applications, beyond the simple Preferences pane. My favorite blog, TUAW, has a section on terminal tips, and from there I picked those that I love the most.

Enabling half star rating in iTunes: This is something that iTunes is doing anyway base on the number you heard a song, but you cannot do! Just open the terminal and type:
defaults write com.apple.iTunes allow-half-stars -bool TRUE

Replasing TRUE with FALSE will revert the changes.

Change Time Machine intervals: This one is in particularly useful. You can change the time itenrval from 1 sec all the way to one week. Just type

sudo defaults write /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.backupd-auto StartInterval -int [time in secs]

The time input is given in secs so the default one hour is 3600, one day is 24x3600=86,400. I don 't know why Apple does not give this option but it is for sure something needed. But we just gave you the solution!

Add a shortcut of the recent apps on the dock. This one is useful if you hate (and I am sure you do) togo from the apple menu and select recent items. There are about 1o apps I mainly use so there are almost always there! Just type:
defaults write com.apple.dock persistent-others -array-add '{ "tile-data" = { "list-type" = 1; }; "tile-type" = "recents-tile"; }'
And that will anable it. If you are tired of it, just drag it out of the dick. Simple as this.

For more terminal tips check out the TUAW section on it.

Happy New Year And Happy Last Apple MacWorld

Happy new year all my loyal readers. Well not loyal or readers, but for sure a truthful wish for happy new year. As every beginning of every year the start always comes with the big announcements from apple. Really bog. iMacs, iBooks, iPhones... OSX all the big bold announcements have came through Macworld Apple Keynote. And then in 2009 Apple announce that 2009 will be its last keynote. And there are a few good reasons for that.

For once, apple is grown up now, and it can hold events of that magnitude on its own. iTunes music store, iMacs, iPods, all products announced in a separate event. In addition apple is too much grown up. I remember in 2002 I went to a conference and I was the only apple user in every room. Last year, I was in San Francisco to the same Moscone West center as the apple Macworld, and there was a mac every 3 laptop. So a company of this magnitude will just overshadow all the small developers and companies that are there.

Secondly, Steve Jobs, for health reasons or not, is planning to retire from Apple. It is the company, of his life, but he cannot stay there for ever. And he has to pull back and give a chance to the new people in apple to take the lead, while he is still around to guide. Since MacWorld has been strongly linked to Steve, something like this, will be damaging to the company reputation. So I think Apple will do fine without him, and as per report by CNN, his spirit has been institutionalized. However the apple community has been buzzed about his absence and the rumors have been literally out of control. Even that his is dying. This led Steve Jobs to publish a letter yesterday, to urge that he is fine and his mystery weight loss was, just hormone imbalance. He preferred to spend the holidays with his family, rather than intensely prepare for the Keynote presentation. Phil Schiller will have the honors and I am not expecting anything less that what Steve was delivering. Big bold products...

iMacs: I don 't expect anything radically different regarding the appearance, but I do expect the quad core and the new Nvidia chip. I think that th 28 inch is far fetched.

MacBooks/MacBook Pros: I do antiscipate the withdraw of the plastic models and the introduction of the 17 unibody MacBook Pro. It was delayed due to the construction a whole different facilities to handle the new process. In addition some recent rumors, from Apple Insider state that the battery will be extra long, but not detachable which will be a bummer never the less.

iPhone nano: We 've all seen the cases form the Chinese manufacturers that have been running wild on the web. And although the cases were out none has seen the phone. The big star of this Macworld.

iLife 09: A sure update, since it is almost custom to have a release every year. 08 update was a bit late, it is time to catch up. The online version might come as a compliment to MobileMe users, since an on line version will be less likely to have all the features, already embedded in the actual version.

Mac mini: It is going to be redisigned with aluminum and black plastic to match the rest of the iMac/MacBook line. It will have the optional addiotion of second Hard drive, DVD burner or BluRay (I wish). The design alterative can be inspired from the time machine having the small shallow notch going around the computer, hiding the slot for the slot loading DVD. The most noticapble difference will be the new graphics card, that I would guess it will be the new Nvidia chip or a dual display support (less likely).

Apple TV: I am expecting it to be more functional and be used for media storage, home movies, pictures are stored there and is used as hub to sync all the macs.

Multi Touch Mighty Mouse: This is my secret hope and it is based on a apple patent that was discovered about 2 years ago. The patent descibes the wireless mighty mouste like the one we all know, but instead of the rolling ball it has a touch surface. Although I love mighty mouse, the toughest part is the ball that needs to be cleaned and it is not as trivial. I secretely wish they will anounce that.

The depiction of the mighty mouse by MacBlogz.

Well it is know 1 day before the keynote. We will see how far out I was. There are great sites to watch the live blog of the event:

• Gizmodo live blogging
• TUAW live blogging

Be here tomorrow afternoon to hear the most acurate analysis.

File systems and Disk formating.

For all the new mac (and PC users) essential accessories are the external hard drives for back ups and extra storage. One of the most critical questions is how to format the hard drive. In the Utilities folders of your Applications there is a small tool that is called Disk Utility and it is probably the most essential tool you have. It is the tool that will format, clone, make disk images and many other great stuff. The one thing we will focus here is the formatting of hard drives. Once open the utility you will see a screen that shows on the left side the list of the Hard Drives, and the various options namely: First Aid, Erase, RAID, Restore. Select the Erase and you will have the following screen.

And as you can see there there are various options on the format type and the name of course. The two main options are the HFS (Mac OS extended) and FAT32. There two drastically different formats developed by Apple and Microsoft respectively and they are different approaches in handling the different bits of the hard drive. There are 4 different variations of the the Mac OS Extended (case sensitive, journaled and combinations thereof)
File Allocation Table or FAT is a computer file systems architecture originally purchased by and then developed by Bill Gates and Marc McDonald during 1976/1977. It was used through the whole history of Microsoft (MS DOS, Windows) until the Windows Me. The structure of the FAT system is the division of the hardware space to sectors that contain specific number of bits and a number of bits to describe those sectors (12, 16 and 32). The system will allocate a sector or sectors of the drive to each file. Now if since the Hard Drives are using the Binary system 0 and 1 the number of bits that can be allocated to one file is 2³²=42944967296Bytes=4GB. So there you have the number one issue with FAT32; the maximum file size cannot exceed the 4GB. However, the format is acceptable by any type of operating system MacOS, Windows, Linux/Unix etc. Also one of the major benefits is the least data loss in case of hard drive failure. Since the the damage can affect the a sector or a neighboring group of sectors damages only the file that is occupying them. One of the disadvantages is the fragmentation that occurs to the drive over the repeatedly erasing and writing. This can increase the seek time and can slow down the process. Although there are de-fragmentation tools are not as effective.
Pros: Minimum data lose.
Cons: Maximum file size 4 GB, fragmentation.

Hierarchical File System or HFS was introduced by Apple in September 1985 specifically to support Apple's first hard disk drive for the Macintosh, replacing the Macintosh File System (MFS), the original file system which had been introduced over a year and a half earlier with the first Macintosh computer. According to the HFS the Hard Drive into logical blocks of 512 bytes. Those blocks can be then be allocated (allocation blocks) to various files. The HSF uses 16 bit system to allocate those blocks in binary system so the number of different allocation blocks are 2¹⁶=65,536. Therefore the limit of 65,535 allocation blocks resulted in files having a "minimum" size equivalent 1/65,535th the size of the disk. So for a 1 GB disk, the allocation block size under HFS is 16 KB, so even a 1 byte file would take up 16 KB of disk space. However, being younger than FAT has a smarter way of handling the folders. It consists of 5 hierarchic blocks:

• Logical Block 0 and 1 that contain the information for the system start-up
• Block 2 contains the Master Directory Block (aka MDB). This defines a wide variety of data about the volume itself, for example date & time stamps for when the volume was created, the location of the other volume structures such as the Volume Bitmap or the size of logical structures such as allocation blocks.
• Logical block 3 is the starting block of the Volume Bitmap, which keeps track of which allocation blocks are in use and which are free.
• The Extent Overflow File is a B*-tree that contains extra extents that record which allocation blocks are allocated to which files, once the initial three extents in the Catalog File are used up.
  
• The Catalog File is another B*-tree that contains records for all the files and directories stored in the volume.
  

This architecture results in a more effective seeking and faster response and eliminates the need of de-fragmentation. However since one block handles all the files it prevents multitasking and further if the section of the hard drive that contains that information is damaged the hard drive is having a complete failure. To address this issue Apple introduced the HFS Plus that fixed the multitasking but the catastrophic failure remains an issue. In the MacOSX generation system these formats are known as the Mac OS and Mac OS Extended. Although they addressed all the mentioned issues, this file management system is not compatible with any other operating systems.
In November 2002 Apple introduced the Journaling which allows the system to log the changes before they are executed. So although typically deleting a file involves to processes deleting the file entry and then marking the space it is occupying as free, a power failure in any of the steps will results in abnormalities. For example, if the power failure occurs during the first and second step, the file will be erased without being deleted. Journaling will first log those changes and then execute them marking them while it is done. That will ensure that both steps are executed properly and in the right order. With 10.3 it was introduced the case sensitivity that discriminates Names for names or NaMeS.

Pros: No file size limit, 255 characters to name the file and folders, case sensitive, journaling.
Cons: Minimum file 16kB, maximum file limit, lack of cros-platform compatibility, danger of catastrophic data loss.

So when you buy a new drive, think before you start using it. If you plan to store videos that is more than 4 GB (only videos can be single files larger than 4 Gb) then go for Mac OS Extended, Case Sensitive, if you are planning cross platform definitely use FAT32. Especially for the USB drives, since the added bonus that are RAM types of drives, has almost no seek time, regardless of fragmantation. Just keep in mind that the K=1024, M=1024x1024=1,048,576 and G=1,073,741,824 bites. So your 1 TB drive is 1,000,000,000,000 bits is actually 931 GB and not 1000 GB.